What are the ethical responsibilities of American consumers Term Paper

What are the moral obligations of American buyers - Term Paper Example The present American economy stretches to each side of the globe. It is the duty of the Senate to offer Enlightened Humanitarian conditions to the monetary fringe. I am here today to remind the Senate panel about African human rights manhandles which are accidentally subsidized by American buyers through the exchange of contention minerals. The Senate originally reviewed the Congolese mineral exchange columbite-tantalite, cassiterite and wolframite in 2009. Congressperson Brownback supported S.891, named â€Å"Congo Conflict Minerals Act.† This bill refers to specialists at philanthropic associations, general wellbeing authorities, financial experts and the United Nations. The accord supposition denounces the Congolese mineral exchange and the brutality which it reserves. The bill called for more tight financial control of contention minerals in America. In the Congo, vicious military powers are benefitting from the exchange struggle minerals. These powers â€Å"continue to s ubmit across the board human rights abuses† including â€Å"sexual savagery and rape† (S.891, Sec. (2), (4)). Tragically, the bill passed on in board and American purchasers have proceeded to unconsciously support the savagery in Africa. The Senate ought to do its absolute best to reduce the exchange strife minerals. These activities ought not be constrained to monetary assents, duties, political announcements or buyer training. This difficult circumstance requires a wide methodology situated in a similar Senate command that prodded compassionate guidelines of slaves, jewels, kid workers and even green house gas emanations. Africa has for some time been the a wellspring of crude materials for pilgrim countries. The Belgian King Leopold II initially established the Congo in the nineteenth century as a provincial resource. While Leopold's fierce system was situated in removing elastic, the current emergency originates from military pioneers subsidized by struggle minerals . (Polgreen). America expends these materials as completed products. Purchasers must be made conscious of the environmental and human expenses of this neo-Colonial relationship. New York Times journalist Lydia Polgreen depicted clash minerals as â€Å"Africa's asset revile: The riches is uncovered by poor people, constrained by the solid, at that point offered to a world generally negligent of its origins† (Polgreen). Moral purchasers must be made mindful of these causes. What can the Senate do to control American exchange struggle minerals? Two years prior, Senator Brownback would have required makers which use struggle minerals to enlist with the Securities and Exchange Commission. (S. 891). In 2009, the essential concern was the recognizable proof of contention minerals. Today we have to likewise teach American residents about the helpful expense of utilization. Ideally this information will permit shoppers to control their acquisition of contention minerals inside the fre e market. While American purchasers are frequently moral, once in a while policymakers need to help characterize the countries financial extension, compassionate commitments and biological effect. America is an Enlightened country with many exchanging accomplices. We are for the most part liable for the prosperity of the people who live on the fringe of our financial impact. We rush to give magnanimous guide to African countries through the IMF and World Bank. On December 1 of this current year, President Obama and this congress ensured $48 billion to Africa as a feature of the â€Å"President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief.† This cash will be spent throughout the following five years (Freeman). Our moral utilization can reflect our helpful guide. Strife minerals subsidize sexual savagery in the Congo, here American utilization should be directed all together line up with our

Comparing Mores Utopia and Our Modern Dystopia :: comparison compare contrast essays

Thomas More was conceived in London in 1478. He learned at Oxford where he took a significant love of old style writing. In Utopia, More shows his own abilities in humanism. In this story, displayed after Plato's Republic, More inspects his way of life against a theoretical culture he develops. His Utopia changes extraordinarily from the two his general public and our general public today. Four different ways Utopia varies from our general public are social framework, disposition towards gems, marriage customs, and religion.   To begin with, the individuals of More's Utopia have an unpredictable socialism contrasted with our advanced neo-extremist culture. In Utopia, the legislature possesses the business world. The administration powers men to work the land in two-year stretches. In current society, the administration doesn't possess the economy yet it controls the economy. The legislature doesn't cause men to be ranchers however it tells ranchers the amount to develop. Besides, it punishes the individuals who ignore its order.   Second, Utopians treat valuable metals and gems drastically not quite the same as present day society. Today individuals decorate a wide range of gems to embellish themselves or stand out to them. These valuable metals are brilliant calves to numerous individuals. Individuals today resemble the Anemolian ministers, they swagger their fine gems since they are more pleased than savvy, they choose, they choose to dress as marvelously as the very divine beings.   Third, the Utopian mentality towards cash contrasts from current society. The Utopians exceptionally prize virginity. The legislature prohibits marriage forever the individuals who submit pre-marriage intercourse. However the level of individuals wedding without pre-marriage intercourse in our general public is minute. Much of the time, the couple has a long-standing sexual relationship.   Fourth, the religion of the Utopians is a lot of like present day religion with one significant exemption. The strict convictions of the two social orders are pluralistic. Ideal world permits all religion aside from our most predominant religion: common humanism (for example skepticism). A man, who accepts dazzle chance not divine fortune, decides activities, is not exactly a man. In our way of life of neo-Darwinism and man is unadulterated issue, everything is by some coincidence.

Machiavelli, Lao-Tzu and Carnegie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Machiavelli, Lao-Tzu and Carnegie - Essay Example By and large, when pioneers need to settle on normal choices that manage the everyday running of the association, they may decide to utilize law based authority to include their subjects and different subordinates. Where there is the requirement for generally official and fund based choice to be made likewise, pioneers may hold their assets away from plain view, practicing legitimate administration. Notwithstanding, in light of the way that some pattern of authority; not really worried about administration style have created more model consequences of hierarchical accomplishment than others makes it conceivable to for the most part say that one idea of initiative is more powerful and important than others. In this paper consequently, crafted by Machiavelli and Lao-Tzu are contrasted with contend on which of the two creators offers an increasingly proactive and significant way to deal with present day authority. Pertinence and Effectiveness of counsel in a Modern day Society To condem n the guidance on administration that is generally applicable and viable in a cutting edge society, it is essential to consider the sort of setting inside which every one of the two chiefs offered out their guidance and contrast that with the sort of society we have today. Machiavelli composed â€Å"The Prince† from a point of view of dictatorship, where the sovereign supposedly is a predominant, whose offenses to his subjects must be normal, however can't be addressed. It is for example expressed explicitly that â€Å"the sovereign can't abstain from offering offense to his new subjects, either in regard of the soldiers he quarters on them† (c. 3). In the mean time in present day society, just practice is hailed in all features of life, directly from an individual level, to authoritative level, at that point to state levels. Then again, â€Å"Thoughts from the Tao-te Ching† can be said to have been written in a condition of general harmony and smoothness in the land. This thought is exemplified with a statement, for example, â€Å"The great I meet with goodness; the terrible I additionally meet with goodness. In this manner I complete goodness† (p. 121). Given the way that cutting edge society is as of now supported by a few weight gatherings, universal associations and non-legislative associations that champion the course of worldwide harmony and goodness as against war and viciousness, the guidance given by Lao-Tzu on the need to grasp all with goodness can be said to be the most important and compelling in a current society. There would be a few legitimizations for highlighting Lao-Tzu’s exhortation on authority as the most important and compelling in cutting edge society. In any case, most present day hypotheses of authority can be viewed as coordinated towards the requirement for current pioneers to raise the up and coming age of pioneers directly inside their middle and in their quality. Yet, to do this, it is signific ant that devotees will see perseverance and trust in their pioneers. It is consequently Lao-Tzu states that â€Å"Not valuing one’s worth prevents the people’s envy. Not prizing treasures that are hard to get shields individuals from submitting theft† (p. 98, line 18-20). In other words that, pioneers must see the need to make an incentive in their devotees as opposed to relying upon the estimations of their value and fortunes. In the interim, when the exhortation of Machiavelli on the foundation of

Definitions of How Paid or Unpaid Work Contributes to Professional Experience Essay Sample

Definitions of How Paid or Unpaid Work Contributes to Professional Experience Essay Sample How Paid or Unpaid Work Contributes to Professional Experience Essay Sample Secrets Employees reinstated below this policy resume eligibility for employment benefits suspended at the start of the leave. The organization is breaking the law and you're eligible for the National Minimum Wage. Alas, many companies (often illegally) don't provide any payment apart from travel expenses. The Fight Against How Paid or Unpaid Work Contributes to Professional Experience Essay Sample Different aspects have an effect on the family including marital breakdown and the subsequent divorce. Functionalism places great emphasis on the positive facets of the family like the socialisation of children, which facilitates the operation of all of society. The studies indicate that this movement is happening in contemporary UK society and this is among the main modifications to the family. In truth, it is but one of the unfortunate realities of the labor marketplace. They acknowledge the presence of family in only about every single society. Therefore, these constitute the key reasons for the presence of the family in the view of the Functionalists. To conclude, whilst the growth of dual-earner families may indeed bring about the growth in divorce rates within the united kingdom, it can be surmised that it isn't the creation of dual-earner families in themselves that facilitates this increase. It is one of the changes that has affected the family and its structure in recent years. Use numbers when you are able to in order to show measurable outcomes. Quite a few tertiary course require student to take on a period of unpaid work with an institution or organisation as a portion of their programme. The exemption doesn't cover students doing work that's not part of their program. The students are receiving the most important benefit from the arrangement. Most students don't get paid for work experience. Getting the Best How Paid or Unpaid W ork Contributes to Professional Experience Essay Sample The clients must not receive the impression that the interns are regular workers of the establishment. Don't make the recruiter guess how long you've worked in various companies. I believe that I know the worth of money as a result of my work experiences. The period work experience' generally refers to a predetermined period of time an individual spends with your organization, during which they have a chance to learn directly about working life and the working atmosphere. There are a variety of indicators an employment relationship exists, and it has to be assessed on a case by case basis. Likewise, Functionalists must also cover the question of equal conjugal roles to prevent rising levels of divorce in the united kingdom. These regions should be examined further to be able to give increased knowledge of rising divorce prices. In their pieces, the discuss a number of the exact issues, but in addition they discuss various problems, and the 2 writers certainly come to various conclusions about the dilemma of unpaid internships. It is an issue of working out whether the arrangement requires the creation of an employment contract. A court or tribunal would examine the reality of the arrangements made with the person to determine if they're eligible for the minimum wage. Sayeed doesn't need to get paid the minimum wage because he isn't a worker for minimum wage purposes. If in the class of work in an organization you've raised, be certain to flip it in the abstract. This field influenced me to know more regarding the environmental aspects as a way to widen my understanding and career abilities. After you've created your program, you can choose how you are going to come across interns which are a great match for your business. At the business, Sayeed shadows team members in various parts of the organisation and learns about the firm. Internships are usually offered to younger youth who might have no work experience or are interested in knowing more about a possible job field. Offering internships are sometimes a terrific way to partner with the local university to train future leaders in your area. The Basic Facts of How Paid or Unpaid Work Contributes to Professional Experience Essay Sample While this area, is going global and is among the key considerations in the modern world, specializing in this subject would be of international standards and quality. In the event the work you've used special tools, technologies, software, be certain to call them, it's possible this is going to be your competitive benefit. Such a feature allows our team to supply premium quality papers because you're able to describe in details what you would like to get. A privacy policy is among the top priority features an expert essay writing service must take care of.

Proposed Network Solution for Worldwide Advertising, Inc....

At the core of any successful business is a functioning, well-organized network. The design of that network can be a daunting task for even the most skilled of Information Technology and Networking Professionals. To make that task more manageable it’s easier to divide it up into the key components needed to implement a successful network design. In this proposal we will go through those key areas and understand the needs of Worldwide Advertising Inc. and some of the suggested solutions specific to the organization. Deployment and Server Editions Server Editions WAI is a relatively small sized company in regards to IT needs and specifically when it comes to determining the Windows Server 2012 edition that is appropriate.†¦show more content†¦Beyond that server roles include things like managing the company email and website, print services, backups and Active Directory. Each of our locations will have a physical presence so determining the best roles to deploy at each location will take some careful consideration. Server roles are the things a particular server does like Files Services, Email Services, or Active Directory. Most of the critical roles will need to be installed on the equipment at the main office in Los Angeles but since we have a functioning office in New York some server roles might need to be replicated at that location to provide functionality for the network. Server Locations Although the company could operate normally with all of the physical server equipment being located in one of the two locations based on the budget we would recommend having some equipment at both locations. The Los Angeles is clearly the primary location as most of the staff including IT will be located there but by having some redundancy at the New York location we could provide a much higher level of availability. This means that an outage or breach of security at the Los Angeles location could be minimized since we could transition to the New York equipment as the primary. These redundancies are extremely critical in our line of work. We can’t afford to lose creative data that could take weeksShow MoreRelatedDesign And Implementation Of A Businesses1621 Words   |  7 PagesProposal for Worldwide Advertising, Inc. (WAI) The design and implementation of a businesses’ network can play a major role in the success of that business. This proposal will outline a technical solution to provide Worldwide Advertising Inc. (WAI) with a flexible and reliable IT infrastructure to meet their needs for the next 2 to 3 years. As both sites in Los Angeles and New York are already connected through an IPSec VPN tunnel our recommended proposal will include a solution for WAI’s coreRead MoreUps Research Paper4004 Words   |  17 Pagesmany have come to know - UPS. Although their primary business is the time-definite delivery of packages and documents, they have also extended their capabilities in recent years to encompass the broader spectrum of services known as supply chain solutions, such as freight forwarding, customs brokerage, fulfillment, returns, financial transaction and even repairs. UPS is also the leading provider of less-than-truckload transportation services. The inner workings and stri ve for success shows how thisRead MoreBusiness Plan for King Karaoke Inc.2543 Words   |  10 PagesBusiness Plan for King Karaoke, Inc. 1. Executive Summary The purpose of this business plan is to fully describe the operations, funding and staffing of King Karaoke, Inc., a mobile sing-a-long service that features traditional and modern Irish songs for parties, reunions, celebrations and other Irish get-togethers. Although Irish music is enormously popular throughout the country and pubs frequently feature live bands consisting of several live performers, there remains a market opportunity forRead MoreExternal and Internal Environment of atT4271 Words   |  18 Pagescreate the networks via satellite. Global Service for Mobile Communications (GSM) has internationally appeal but is the network that Cingular and T-Mobile use for their service. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), have better coverage in the United States and are mainly utilized by Sprint and Verizon Wireless. The newest trends plan to integrate their technologies in the cell phone industry. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) allows you to make telephone calls using a computer network, or a dataRead MoreLive Nation3909 Words   |  16 PageseCommerce company, comprised of four market leaders: Ticketmaster.com, Live Nation Concerts, Front Line Management Group and Live Nation Network.    * Ticketmaster.com is the global event ticketing leader and one of the world’s top five eCommerce sites, with over 26 million monthly unique visitors.   Established in 1976, Ticketmaster serves clients worldwide across multiple event categories, providing ticketing services for leading arenas, stadiums, professional sports franchises and leagues,Read MoreJet Blue Case #1 Essay2794 Words   |  12 Pagessuccessful marketing plan will provide a low cost alternative to traditional marketing practices, while promoting new uses of technology and keeping JetBlue customers engaged with social media. Consider All Alternatives The marketing team has proposed four recommendations that are up for consideration. The first, to hire a consulting firm to advertise decreased fares on one way tickets out of New York, does not address lowering costs, and therefore is dismissed at this time. By contracting anRead MoreResearch Fundations5609 Words   |  23 PagesResearch Proposal: CommunnaTell Wireless Company CommunnaTell Wireless commits to delivering outstanding customer satisfaction. The company offers quality products and services on the nation’s largest and most reliable wireless voice and 3G network, and it delivers the industry-leading customer service – online, over the phone and in-person. Recently the company has experienced an increase in complaint calls, which reported to the research team for follow-up. The design of the proposal was toRead MoreDhl Marketing Mix22718 Words   |  91 Pagesschedule the shipment of any item (from a small parcel to a full truckload) to anywhere on the globe, to choose from Express 1’s network of hundreds of carriers, to print all documentation, to track the shipment throughout its journey, and to combine all shipments on a single invoice. This paper provides a complete situation analysis on the company and its industry, a proposed market with which the company should focus, and a comprehensive marketing mix tailored specifically for this market. ThisRead MoreMis Implementon by Coca-Cola Company8373 Words   |  34 PagesImplementation and the MIS Solutions Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated (CCBCC) has been quite a success, being the second largest Coca-Cola bottler in the United States. This organization is a leader in manufacturing, selling and distributing. However, there were problems that occur in their project costs. Based on a case study done by Microsoft in 2009, the company’s Information Systems and Service (ISS) Department had been utilizing a project management software solution where the maintenance agreementRead MoreCorona Beer Case Study Essay3581 Words   |  15 Pagesachieved success with, by attempting to attract all potential beer consumers, instead of focusing on the classic target market of males between the ages of 25 and 45. In contrast, many of its competitors focused their advertising on premium quality and taste while GM’s advertising success had been proven difficult for rivals to duplicate. Its unique glass bottle for distinctiveness, multiple brand selections, international operations, and unobtrusive taste were also parts of its strategy. PROBLEM

The Kantian View of Animal Ethics - 1841 Words

Kant’s Ethics of Metaphysics: A Response To the Charge of Speciesism I. In this paper I will present the charge of speciesism contended by many animal right’s activists. I will attempt to substantiate Immanuel Kant’s view on animal morality and justify how his philosophy is not in violation of speciesism. Furthermore, I will explain how the Kantian view still grants animals some moral consideration through the designation of â€Å"indirect duties†. Lastly, I will present a difficulty with accepting the Kantian view of â€Å"indirect duties† towards animals. Moral quandaries regarding animals are still demanding the attention of many philosophers as they attempt to modify and inspect the relationship between morality and social policy.†¦show more content†¦So we are left with the daunting question: is there any validity to Pollan’s claim? At first it would appear that Kant presupposes human beings as the only species worthy of morality without giving any explanatory criterion. Kant develops one of his foundation al doctrines called â€Å"The Categorical Imperative†, which can be summarized in the following sentence: â€Å"Act in such a way that you treat humanity in such a way, whether in ourselves or in others, as an end in itself† (Groundwork II). It seems that Kant believes that human beings bar none deserve what he calls ‘respect’ or what we are calling moral consideration. However, after a closer examination it becomes apparent that Kant is not guilty of speciesism at all. In a remarkably similar excerpt Kant says, â€Å"as rational beings, we must always at the same time be valued as ends (pg 239 4:430). It is almost as if Kant just substituted the phrase humanity with rational beings. When both excerpts are read in conjunction it becomes apparent that Kant includes human beings into his moral system not because of an arbitrary nepotism towards his own kind (homo sapiens) but because of a human being’s attribute of rationality. In other words, Kantâ €™s criterion for moral considerability is rationality and not intelligence. When Kant says to treat humanity in such aShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Theories Of Utilitarianism And Kantian Ethics Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay, I will be discussing an article about a woman who starved her two horses. I will address the issue about whether or not the woman’s action was ethical. I will use the two ethical theories of utilitarianism and Kantian ethics to support my argument. I will also suggest a different course of action the woman could have taken to be justified, through both ethical theories. The article follows the story about an Australian woman who breached her duty of care to two horses that she ownedRead MoreA Good Deed Of The Elephants1639 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as preserving animal populations. That would be a big win for animal activists, and the government is appealing to that group. This is where utilitarianism plays into the minds of government officials. The government wants to do what is best for the nation, so selling the ivory stockpile to fund conservation programs is their plan to achieve that desire. As long as the government does not authorize or promote the killing or harming of elephants, it is doing a good deed. Its view of utilitarianismRead MoreMoral Theories Can Help Justify The Decisions That Are Made882 Words   |  4 Pagesa more general level than moral or legal principles and rules. The four main groups that one should be aware of are: Utilitarian, Kantian, Aristotelian and Feminist. Utilitarian Utilitarianism is based on maximizing human welfare, it is seen as the only way to determines the rightness of actions (Duignan, 2015). Furthermore, theory is in opposition to egoism, the view that a person should pursue his own self-interest, even at the expense of others, and to any ethical theory that regards some actsRead MoreA Defense of Euthanasia1265 Words   |  6 Pagesthat oppose this view. For the purpose of this essay, I will be defending those who are for euthanasia. My thesis, just by looking at this issue from a logical standpoint, is that if someone is suffering, I believe they should be allowed the right to end their lives, either by their own consent or by someone with the proper authority to make the decision. No living being should leave this world in suffering. To go about obtaining my thesis, I will first present my opponents view on the issue. 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Utility can also be defined as the sum of all pleasure that results from an action, minus the suffering of anyone involved. Therefore, if an act performed is has the intention of being for the greater good of humanityRead MoreFeminist Ethics : A Better Alternative Than Traditional Normative Ethical Theories Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagesthe question: Could feminist ethics provide a â€Å"better† alternative than traditional normative ethical theories? In order to answer this question, one must have an understanding of what feminist ethics is and what it aims to accomplish. According to Rosemarie Tong and Nancy Williams, feminist ethics is â€Å"an attempt to revise, reformulate, or rethink tradition al ethics to the extent it depreciates or devalues women s moral experience.† An important point in feminist ethics is to understand how genderRead MoreUtilatarian, Deontology and Virtue Ethics1618 Words   |  7 PagesUtilitarianism is defined as ethic based on consequences. An act, either it is morally wrong or good is acceptable as long as the end outcome is greater. In this essay on utilitarianism, I would argue Peter Singer’s calculus preferences, equality is for all living being but sacrificing one for greater good is plausible. Counter argument of Immanuel Kant’s moral deontology claim, it is immoral to consider a human being as a means to an end. John Mills’ actions are right as long they promote happinessRead MoreKant And Aldo Leopold s Ethics Regarding Sustainability And Personal Obligation3383 Words   |  14 PagesThe ethics of sustainability has become increasingly relevant as more and more countries acknowledge global climate change and the subsequent environmental crisis. Recent evidence strongly suggests that the vast majority of environmental crises, including climate change, are caused and perpetuated by humans. Perhaps the silver lining to the fact that environmental crises are anthropogenic is that we, as a species, have the opportunity to control the problem by changing our behaviors. This paper exploresRead MoreWhy Natural Law Theory Is an Inadequate Criticism of Homosexuality1147 Words   |  5 Pagesargument more clearly, because there are certain semantic inconsistencies with Kantian ethical Theory that will be discussed further on. Let us first consider the premise that homosexuality is contrary to Natural Law, because the Natural Law dictates that sexual relationships must be heterosexual and have as a (perhaps eventual) goal of reproduction. According to an Australian newspaper, there are 450 species of animals on the Earth that practice homosexuality. Although asexual worms may come to

Civil Engineering Research Association

Question: Discuss about the Civil Engineering Research Association. Answer: Introduction: In the present competitive business environment, evaluation of each individual performance level within the organizational structure has become extremely important for achieving sustainable growth in the market. For that reason, many organizations tried to utilize several strategies in order to measure the performance level of each individual in an appropriate manner. Many studies have mentioned that proper utilization of performance measurement approach can help employees to identify the strengths and weaknesses in an appropriate manner (Searcy, 2012). In addition, it also helps organizations to provide efficient guidance to the employees according to their performance level. In this report, the focus will be on Civil Engineering Research Association (CERA) that is focusing on the development of effective infrastructure for the community. The prime focus of CERA for developing effective infrastructure, as it can able to evaluate the performance level of each individual in an appropr iate manner. CERA works in the critical engineering sector. For that reason, it has to perform several complex responsibilities for fulfilling the requirements of the organization. It has become necessary for CERA to give their best at the workplace in order to satisfy the clients effectively. For that reason, the organization also has tried to implement different strategies so that it can able to create a positive impact on the productivity of the working employees. Limitations of CERAs individual performance measurement approaches and recommended alternative approaches: As per the article by Zheng et al. (2016), proper utilization of techniques and tools regarding the performance management is necessary within an organizational structure. Otherwise, it also can create obstacles on the path of success for an organization. It has been identified that implement individual performance measurement techniques by CERA do have some limitations. As a result, it has affected the effectiveness of the performances level of the organization. The limitations of CERAs implemented individual performance measurement approach are elaborated as follows: Unstructured financial benefits: As per the article by Bititci et al. (2012), proper utilization of financial benefits structure is very important to influence people to give their best at the workplace. It has been identified that CERA focuses on to providing maximum financial benefits to their best people. In fact, CERAs payment structure is been implemented in such a way so that it can able to provide benefit above than the market rate for their best people (Bufalino et al., 2014). CERA feels that providing benefits above than the market rate can create huge amount of positive impact on the motivational level of the employees. Therefore, they will try to take on more complex and difficult projects with a positive mindset. Now, it can be mentioned that CERA is always focus on taking the challenges of completing complex and difficult projects. Therefore, it is necessary for the organization to maintain the motivational level of the employees. However, Bhattacharya et al. (2014) have criticized this implemented stra tegies as it has not able to justify the equity theory of motivation in an appropriate way. The equity theory of motivation highlights the fact that organizations need to consider each employees equally so that all the members within the organizational structure feel motivated towards the roles and responsibilities. However, CERA has only focuses on providing additional benefits to the specific group of individuals (Chenhall, Hall Smith, 2013). Thus, it will create adverse impact on the perception of other employees regarding their future with the organization. Thus, they will feel de-motivated towards their roles and responsibilities. Therefore, it will definitely create adverse impact on the performance level of the other employees. Thus, implemented individual performance measurement technique will not be able to depict the clear picture regarding the performance level of the employees (Cassel et al., 2014). It has been identified that performance measurement technique focuses o n the results. Therefore, it will unable to depict the exact reason for lack of performances from the entire team members. Spekl Verbeeten (2014) has also mentioned that paying more to specific individuals can actually create adverse impact on the cognitive evaluation theory, which elaborates that paying more than the market rate can minimize the innovative skills of that particular group of engineers. The main reason is that, those individuals will focus more on getting incentives rather than increase the effectiveness or quality of the work. In the present business environment, continues improvement of the level of skills for an organization is extremely important to sustain its position in the market. Therefore, majority of the organizations tries to utilize different innovative process so that it can create positive impact on the level of skills of the organization (Zaman Lehmann, 2013). However, CERAs implemented strategies regarding the offering of financial benefits have created adverse impact on the performance level of the organization. Recommended alternative approaches: The above discussion highlighted the fact that unstructured utilization financial benefits in CERA has created huge amount of adverse impact on the performance level of the employees. Thus, CERAs first objective will be to evaluate the best possible way to provide financial benefits to the employees. Firstly, CERA will have to formulate a well-structured framework with the organization, which will have employees with different designations. After that, CERA will have to standardize the monetary benefit levels for the different designations so that employees can able to understand the exact reason for paying higher benefits to a particular group of employees (Koufteros, Verghese Lucianetti, 2014). Now, CERA will have to mark the exceptional performers of the organization and then will have to provide them with higher designations. This will not only help the top performers to have proper career progression but also will influence others to give their best at the workplace. Since, pos sibility of promotion will increase the motivational level of the employees in a much more effective way. On the other hand, CERA will able to justify the exact reason of extra pay to a particular employee, which reduce the possibility of conflicts within the organizational structure. Ineffective bonus schemes: Many studies have highlighted the significance of proper utilization of bonus schemes so that employees can feel motivated to perform beyond the expectation. However, it has been assessed that CERA has not able to satisfy all the employees with the bonus schemes. In fact, it has been analyzed that organizations working in the same sector is providing better bonus schemes to the employees (Knpfer et al., 2012). Thus, it has created major adverse impact on the effectiveness of the performance level of the employees working CERA. Furthermore, many organizations are looking provide additional benefits like disability, housing and health insurance for all levels of employees so that it can able to motivate employees to give their best at the workplace. However, CERA has not focused too much on the utilizing these schemes for enhancing the performance level of each individual. It has been assessed that organizations that focuses on utilizing all these schemes in an appropriate manner are o ften able to retain their talents. Thus, it increases the probability of enhancing the performance level for an organization (Bhatt et al., 2015). Conversely, as CERA has not focuses on the proper utilization of the incentives scheme it will definitely create adverse impact on the employee retention rate. Recommended alternative approaches: In order to minimize the adverse impact of the ineffective bonus scheme, CERA will have to consider utilization of unique bonus schemes so that it can able to create positive impact on the performance level of the employees. Therefore, CERA will have to cover safety bonus scheme, quality bonus scheme, customer satisfaction/service bonus scheme, attendance bonus schemes in an appropriate manner. As per the article by Grigoroudis, Orfanoudaki Zopounidis (2012) traditional bonus scheme is not creating expected amount of impact on the enhancement of the motivation for the employees. Hence, it has become necessary for CERA to consider all the mentioned bonus schemes so that employees motivate themselves to give their best at the workplace. In order to provide bonus to the employees in an appropriate way, CERA will have analyze the performance level of the employees in an appropriate way. Proper analysis will provide CERA an idea regarding the positive and liability aspects of each employ ee. Therefore, it will help CERA to reduce amount of liability in an appropriate way. For instance, 100% attendance has able to encourage employees to become more regular in several organizations. Thus, it is expected that attendance scheme will also create positive impact on the overall effectiveness of the operational processes. In contrast, too much absenteeism can damages CERAs objective in a major way. Safety bonus scheme is also another important aspect that CERA will have to offer to all level of employees. As a engineering firm, CERA will have to conduct many risky operations. Therefore, it is necessary that organization took care of the safety level of the employees and also provide several benefits for taking risks for the organizational success. Furthermore, Franco-Santos, Lucianetti Bourne (2012) have mentioned that employees can easily compare the bonus scheme of CERA with other organizations. Therefore, CERA will have to analyze the market bonus structure in order to retain employees for a longer period of time. Ineffective performance review technique: As per the article by Melnyk et al. (2014), proper utilization of performance review technique is very important to measure the performance level of the employees effectively. In fact, it also provides organizations the opportunity to analyze how the performance level of a particular employee is increasing or decreasing over the certain period of time. However, CERA has implemented management-by-objectives scheme, which analyze the past year performance of the employees and then question them about this in the next year. As a result, it will induce employees to concentrate more on their future with the organization than focusing on the present performance level. Thus, it will also affect the present performance level of the employees (Barros, Managi Matousek, 2012). Furthermore, it has been highlighted by many studies that utilization of this technique will influence organizations to focus more on the poor performers and best performers will be taken as a granted. For that reason, i t can create major impact on the motivational level of the top performers that will also eventually hamper the effectiveness of the operational processes. Recommended alternative approaches: The above discussion highlighted that implement strategy of CERA for reviewing the performance level of the employees is not at all effective. In fact, it can increase confusion among the employees regarding the performance level. Therefore, CERA will have to make major changes in the performance review process so that it can able to create greater impact on the effectiveness of the operational process. For instance, CERA can utilize performance review system on monthly basis so that employees do not have think too further and can concentrate more on the present performance level. CERA can also recognize best performing employees through a token of recognition like Star performer of the month so that employees can feel motivated in performing their responsibilities in an appropriate manner. CERA can also utilize month wise performance assessment meetings in order to highlight strengths and weaknesses of the employees in an appropriate way. The meeting will also include identification of the best possible way by which each employee can able to fulfill all the goals and objectives of the organization in an appropriate way. Conclusion: From the above analysis, it can be assessed that CERA will have to focus more on the implemented strategies regarding the performance measurement processes. It can be mentioned that implemented strategies of CERA has not able to create desired amount of impact on the performance level of the organization. Thus, CERA will have to focus more on the mentioned alternative approaches in order to enhance the present level of performances of the employees. Furthermore, the above discussion highlighted that CERA has not focuses too much on the consistence improvement on the performance level. Therefore, CERA will also have to implement strategies in such a way so that all employees can able to improve in an appropriate way. It will eventually create positive impact on the sustaining position in the market. References: Barros, C. P., Managi, S., Matousek, R. (2012). The technical efficiency of the Japanese banks: non-radial directional performance measurement with undesirable output.Omega,40(1), 1-8. Bhatt, D. L., Drozda, J. P., Shahian, D. M., Chan, P. S., Fonarow, G. C., Heidenreich, P. A., ... Welke, K. F. (2015). ACC/AHA/STS Statement on the Future of Registries and the Performance Measurement Enterprise: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and The Society of Thoracic Surgeons.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,66(20), 2230-2245. Bhattacharya, A., Mohapatra, P., Kumar, V., Dey, P. K., Brady, M., Tiwari, M. K., Nudurupati, S. S. (2014). Green supply chain performance measurement using fuzzy ANP-based balanced scorecard: a collaborative decision-making approach.Production Planning Control,25(8), 698-714. Bititci, U., Garengo, P., Drfler, V., Nudurupati, S. (2012). Performance measurement: challenges for tomorrow.International Journal of Management Reviews,14(3), 305-327. Bufalino, V., Bauman, M. A., Shubrook, J. H., Balch, A. J., Boone, C., Vennum, K., ... Arnett, D. (2014). Evolution of the guideline advantage: lessons learned from the front lines of outpatient performance measurement.CA: a cancer journal for clinicians,64(3), 157-163. Cassel, C. K., Conway, P. H., Delbanco, S. F., Jha, A. K., Saunders, R. S., Lee, T. H. (2014). Getting more performance from performance measurement.New England Journal of Medicine,371(23), 2145-2147. Chenhall, R. H., Hall, M., Smith, D. (2013). Performance measurement, modes of evaluation and the development of compromising accounts.Accounting, Organizations and Society,38(4), 268-287. Franco-Santos, M., Lucianetti, L., Bourne, M. (2012). Contemporary performance measurement systems: A review of their consequences and a framework for research.Management Accounting Research,23(2), 79-119. Grigoroudis, E., Orfanoudaki, E., Zopounidis, C. (2012). Strategic performance measurement in a healthcare organisation: A multiple criteria approach based on balanced scorecard.Omega,40(1), 104-119. Knpfer, A., Rssel, C., an Mey, D., Biersdorff, S., Diethelm, K., Eschweiler, D., ... Nagel, W. E. (2012). Score-P: A joint performance measurement run-time infrastructure for Periscope, Scalasca, TAU, and Vampir. InTools for High Performance Computing 2011(pp. 79-91). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Koufteros, X., Verghese, A. J., Lucianetti, L. (2014). The effect of performance measurement systems on firm performance: A cross-sectional and a longitudinal study.Journal of Operations Management,32(6), 313-336. Melnyk, S. A., Bititci, U., Platts, K., Tobias, J., Andersen, B. (2014). Is performance measurement and management fit for the future?.Management Accounting Research,25(2), 173-186. Searcy, C. (2012). Corporate sustainability performance measurement systems: A review and research agenda.Journal of business ethics,107(3), 239-253. Spekl, R. F., Verbeeten, F. H. (2014). The use of performance measurement systems in the public sector: Effects on performance.Management Accounting Research,25(2), 131-146. Zaman, A. U., Lehmann, S. (2013). The zero waste index: a performance measurement tool for waste management systems in a zero waste city.Journal of Cleaner Production,50, 123-132. Zheng, L., Baron, C., Esteban, P., Xue, R., Zhang, Q., Sotelo, K. I. G. (2016). Pointing out the gap between academic research and supporting software tools in the domain of the performance measurement management of engineering projects.IFAC-PapersOnLine,49(12), 1561-1566.

asian am 160 Essays

asian am 160 Essays asian am 160 Essay asian am 160 Essay asian am 160 BY kihong1963 Lecture (12. 4) Film How important is the impact of environment The Latehomecomer Asian American Literature Does not have the privilege to merely exist as fiction or literature Rather, it functions as a documentary of a people and a culture. It is read as a piece of social history Often Ethnic Literature such as Asian American Literature documents the marginal or minoritized status of Asian Americans in U. S. society given how it can only begin by telling us who/what Asians Americans are like Defining Hmong Opening Vignettes Hmong meant contained Without a Country Residents of many countries Always in between countries War (displacement), Camps and Processing Center Skin deep A group that no one knows about a name that elicits questions after questions A group that no one wants Not even a footnote in history Where do the Hmong come from? Author Kao Kalia Yang define Hmong through the historical circumstances that have allowed Hmong to enter into the U. S. consciousness She defines Hmong through the alues that have defined their marginalization in U. S. society She insists that the study of Hmong begins not Just with a study of who they are and what they have been through but also with a keen awareness of why we dont know who they are She defines Hmong through Silences (Skin Deep) the Clouds Camps and Processing Centers Silent vs. Silenced page 146-147 page 151 The Gift of Writing Gender Yang defines Hmong through the stories about women Yang defines Hmong through what Hmong culture has silenced Freedom page 188

Che Guevara Essays

Che Guevara Essays Che Guevara Essay Che Guevara Essay In this essay, my individual is the infamous Che Guevara. I have chosen Che Guevara because he is someone who many of the younger generations of today can relate to. Che Guevaras actions changed the course of history for many peoples lifes worldwide. However Che Guevara created this opportunity himself, in a way he responded to a situation that meant more to him, than leading an ordinary life, and Che Guevara lived a far from ordinary life. With respect to Che, the Cuban Revolution brought out the characteristics that the radical world came to admire. Che demonstrated his natural ability to take on new tasks and to be an effective leader during battle. During the battle of Sierra Maestra, he organised a workshop of weaponry, tailoring, and shoemaking and the production of bread, beef jerky, cigarettes and cigars as logistical support for the guerrilla campaign. On the battlefield, he led one of the forces that invaded central Cuba, capturing Santa Clara, the decisive victory of the war against the Batista forces of Cuba. Ches keen ability to organise militarily is one characteristic that would lead many people to follow him. The way in which he supported the fighting that was being done in many countries of the world was also a part of his great following. Guerrilla fighters read his books and essays in which he wrote, It is important to recognise that guerrilla warfare is a war of the masses, a war of the people. Guerrilla warfare is used by the side which is supported by the majority but which possesses a much smaller number of arms for use in defence against oppression. Che described the guerrilla fighter as one who shares the longing of the people for liberation and who, once peaceful means are exhausted, initiates the fight and converts himself into the armed vanguard of the fighting people. Che not only spoke of the fighting, but of what a revolutionarys duty was after the war was over. These ideas were very present around the world in nations where guerrilla warfare was being utilised to figh t their oppressors. People all around the world scrutinised his every move, waiting to see what he would do next. Ches plan concerning the future of Cuba was often a topic of many debates. When Che became the Minister of Industry for Cuba shortly after the revolution, he imposed many ideas that were foreign to the countrys prior state that would bring changes to Cubas poor and working people. Che had not envisioned an economy of marketization, material incentives, and enterprise financial self management. Che believed in a socialist rather than a capitalist society where material incentives would be replaced by moral incentives. Ches primary concerns were for the welfare and equality for people, another idea that was prevalent in the minds of people throughout the world in the 1960s. His idealistic views were criticised by many that thought of these ideas as the reason for the unsuccessful creation of a new economic state in Cuba. Others respected Che for his effort and said that Che was totally committed to the difficult task of building socialism in Cuba. Cuba and the Cuban Revolution were a major part of his accomplishments. For Che, Cuba was an enormous platform for his essential and most important message The Revolution is a force that purifies man, that places him beyond egoism; that purity which has been won must be defended, through study, through work, with bullets, as it if it were life itself. Ches decision to leave Cuba also prompted much attention from scholars and other Che followers. After seeing Fidel Castro begin to sell out the revolution to a Soviet-subsidised paternalism, Che decided to step down as Cubas Minister of Industry, leave Cuba, and return to the revolutionary battlefield. To many, his decision to leave Cuba, and the power and privi leges that came with it, to continue in his quest to free the oppressed throughout the world was an image that was retained in many peoples minds. Che declared his rejection of imperialism and the United States. He said, Our every action is a battle cry against imperialism and a call for the unity of the peoples against the great enemy of the human race: the United States of North America. This idea appealed to many people in the 1960s. His solidarity with Vietnam was popular among youth and radicals around the world who wanted to create their own version of the struggle in Vietnam. In 1967, with his apparent disappearance and the possibility that he might be dead, Che began to be looked at through different perspectives. Perhaps even his following increased because he was a martyr who fought in the name of the oppressed peoples of the world. He was being compared to other great leaders who had fought to rid their people of injustices. With respect to his death, scholars were saying such things as, one of these days the newspapers will dedicate their columns to the resurrection of this man who may be the Bolivar of our time. Once there was confirmation of Ches death in Bolivia, people began to speak of his failure as a revolutionary and began to place blame on the different aspects of Che. Comments such as, Ches death after less than six months of guerrilla combat, testifies less to one mans failure than to profound weakness and incompetence of the current wave of Marxist revolutionary struggle in Latin America. Others spoke of him as a man of considerable capabilities but one who chose to employ these talents in pursuit of violence as a means to a political end and as a man who chose to not serve humanity selflessly, but rather to serve communism selflessly. Most of the people who thought of Che in this manner acknowledged, however, that Ches death was a great blow to the movement in Latin America. Contrary to this belief, Ches death inspired greater protests as was displayed by students who marched through the streets around the world displaying Ches image in 1968. Che was killed in Bolivia in October of 1967 at the hands of US-trained Bolivian Rangers who hunted him down and then shot him dead on the orders of a CIA operative. Che was killed because he was a threa t to those who were the oppressors. They feared that a man with considerable capabilities could do as much as changing the course of human history, where the oppressed would not be so anymore. The ideas projected by much of the media during this time like the thought that Communism could spread through the whole world and finally to the United States, was part of the great fear that people had. They could not think of Che in any other way. Communist or Red were attached to his name and therefore, could not get over that initial stigma of Che. He rejected the American government and the system in general, the system that in the end found the means by which to get rid of him. Student protesters in France, West Germany, Czechoslovakia, Mexico, and Brazil carried his flag because Ches accomplishments and great endeavours represented a rejection of this system. They were all fed up with the one system they were living under. Vietnam was a representation of a worldwide struggle against governments that were not serving the people, as they should. Many people wished to emulate their struggle and create more Vietnams as Che had called for. Protestors in search for freedom and justice around the world felt great respect and admiration towards him. A favourite quote I like to use to describe Che Guevara is, he was an inspiration for them to fight for their own rights and the rights of others. By abandoning the opportunity of a career as a doctor and dedicating his life to a global fight against oppression, he became a common man with nothing to else to lose except his life. Che could have stayed in Argentina, had a promising career in medicine, had a traditional family life, and could have lived comfortably without having the need to worry about anything else. Che did choose to do this, however. The idea that consisted of a war of the masses was an inspiration for ordinary people rise up and fight. He lived and died to be a servant of the people. He did not take advantage of the great power that was bestowed upon him when he became Cubas Minister of Industry. He called for basic human rights for people who they were being denied to, an idea that many could not argue against. Like his father once said, it was really hard not to admire his sacrifice, empathy, and determination. He was representative of the time. People were giving up their normal lives to raise arms to fight. Students in Czechoslovakia, West Berlin, and Mexico, whose only chance to be successful was in getting a form of higher education, were risking getting thrown out of their universities to protest about what they thought was wrong. Peasants who had been barely able to survive were now at the forefront of battles in the jungles of Vietnam, Bolivia, and the Congo. Ches image and ideas was something that they could stand by and follow no matter how hard the battle became. It was the search for a leader that prompted them to follow Che. His image and ideas that persisted after his death represented the person Che had been. In his last letter to his children, Che wrote: Grow up as good revolutionaries. Study hard so that you will have command of the techniques that permit the domination of nature. Above all, always remain capable of feeling deeply whatever injustice is committed against anyone in any part of the world. This is the finest quality of a revolutionary. Che was describing himself. His execution in Vallegrande at the age of 39 only enhanced Guevaras mythical stature. That Christ-like figure laid out on a bed of death with his uncanny eyes almost about to open; those fearless last words (Shoot, coward, youre only going to kill a man) that somebody invented or reported. The anonymous burial and the hacked-off hands, as if his killers feared him more after he was dead than when he had been alive: all of it is scalded into the mind and memory of those defiant times. He would resurrect, young people shouted in the late 60s. The lesson of Che is the lesson of hope and dedication. Throughout struggles with adversity, like his lifelong asthma, to the military campaigns in Guatemala, Cuba, the Congo and finally Bolivia, Che always kept his goal in front of him, he was ever optimistic and single-minded in his purpose. As we approach the 35th anniversary of the death of this truly impressive 20th century figure, we are able to gain a new appreciation of his qualities. The figure of Che Guevara is much too large to pigeonhole as a relic of the 1960s. However there are many different views and opinions on Che Guevara throughout the historical world. Most depict highly of Che Guevara, but there are some that criticise his actions, and criticise others who praise of him. Such a person is Luis Carlos Aribe who criticises Alberto Manguel book on Che Guevara: His methods were dubious, his political philosophy superficial, his morality ruthless he is still Manguels hero, because he was doing something about it all, taking action, never mind that the results were disastrous. Manguels attachment to his adolescent yearnings prevents him from thinking or writing clearly. Guevaras methods were not just dubious, they were criminal. His political philosophy was not just superficial, it was totalitarian (a strong-handed but moral government, as Manguel delicately calls it, is a dictatorship described by a sympathiser), and I dont know what ruthless morality means, except believing that the end justifies the means. This source is very useful to us, because it gives a contradictory view towards Che Guevara, compared to all the other books and sources I have read. It is a primary source, and one of few that I have found that did not like Che Guevara or the way he went about his actions. This source gives us a different insight into how other people may have felt about Che Guevara. However, this source is slating the book, or perhaps passages in the book, so Alberto Manguel may have over emphasises extracts in his biography, therefore its usefulness could be derogatory. Another criticiser of Che Guevara is Hugh Thomas who wrote The Cuban Revolution, however his views are contrasting: Hugh Thomas, in his The Cuban Revolution, describes Guevara as obstinate, narrow and dogmatic, but also says that he was candid and, on the whole, he deceived neither himself nor others. This source is also very useful, because the author criticises, and praises Che Guevara. Therefore he has a contrasting view, if not somewhat neutral, as he is able to point out the negatives of he Guevara and the positives. The source is not typical of its time thought because most people either love or hate Che Guevara instead Hugh Thomas is neither, which makes this source useful, as he shows both sides to Che Guevara. Apart from the odd criticising view of Che Guevara, there are plenty of historians, and famous people that praise Che Guevara for his actions, and the way he went about it: The following are taken from Viva Che compiled by a range of different historians ranging from John Berger to Fidel Castro to Peter Weiss. This is now out of print. Che Guevaras autobiography. John Adlard comments that, I admire not only Ches courage and skill but his insistence that without a firm moral basis there can be no real revolution. John Berger comments about a picture of Che Guevara, In face of this photograph we must either dismiss it, or complete its meaning for ourselves. It is an image which, as much as any mute image ever can, calls for decision. Fidel Castro, Ches life has had the virtue of impressing even his worst ideological enemies and making them admire him. It is an almost unique example of how a man has been able to gain the recognition and respect of his enemies, of the very troops whom he has faced arms in hand; of his ideological enemies, who have been, surprisingly, almost unanimous in expressing feelings of admiration for Che. Who could deny the significance to the revolutionary movement of the blow of Ches death, the significance of not being able to count upon his experience, his inspiration, upon that strength of his prestige that all reactionaries feared? It is a fierce blow, a very hard one. Graham Greene, The death of Che Guevara brought a sense of grief and disappointment to people who had no Marxist sympathies. He represented the idea of gallantry, chivalry, and adventures in a world more and more given up to business arrangements between the great world powers. They were afraid to bring him to trial, this fear will help perpetuate his legend, and a legend is impervious to bullets. David Mercer, The significance of Che is not a solution but a question. The sources taken from this book are all primary, as they are taken from Che Guevaras autobiography that is now rare because it is out of print. The sources are useful, because they are all opinions, and grievances written in by numerous historians, and extracts by Che Guevara himself. However, all of the sources praise Che Guevara, because it is his own autobiography, therefore they will all praise and say how much they will miss him, and we do not get to hear the other side of the story. However, from all the sources I have read, it appears that there are generally more people who praise Che Guevara, than there is that criticises him. I take a quote written by Andrew Sinclair titled Guevara page 90; For Ches most explosive idea was that the revolution is permanent and that the revolution creates itself. Authority has not sat safe in its seats since that heresy reached the minds of the young. I feel that this is a good way to sum up the impact that Che Guevara had upon the world back then, and even the present day. Che Guevara has inspired many left-wing revolutions, and his ideas and views are still followed today. He can be seen on t-shirts and caps, mugs and jewellery. Che Guevara lives among the younger generations now. Che Guevara believed in something so much, that he decided to live a revolutionary life instead of being a secure middle classed doctor. Che Guevara became an icon for left-wing youths in the 1960s, during this time he was able to write Guerrilla Warfare (1961), and Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War (1968). Che Guevara was killed because he was a threat, he had views that were different to many other peoples, and he followed them, and because of this small threat, a larger world power, the USA found in necessary to exterminate this threat. The question to begin with, was do individuals respond to opportunities, and make a difference. In Che Guevaras case, I would say this is most definitely so. Che Guevara believed in something, he left everything he had to fight for that cause, he took the opportunity, and created more for himself, and in some respect he may have even changed the social side, and ideological side of history. The way that some people look at history now may change; the views especially of the left-wing youths would have changed slightly. Che Guevara was a man who spoke what was on his mind, and fought for what he believed in, someone who definitely seized the opportunity to make a difference.

Culture of Employers and Employees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Culture of Employers and Employees - Essay Example The American employees are motivated by flexible work timings and good salary packages. As most of these employees tend to have more than one job at a time to earn more, flexible work schedules appeal to them. These employees care about money and freedom of expression. They expect their employers to be flexible in terms of work deadlines. The goal of these employees is to save enough money to live a luxurious lifestyle. These employees are good customers and shop frequently. They are influenced by latest technology, and products of acknowledged and reputable brands. They have an instinct towards living green, safe and healthy, though they are not quite as much prudent in their activities to ensure this. Their assumptions are that they belong to a multicultural society, where they have to accept all kinds of religions, norms, values, and traditions. The affect of these assumptions on their work is that they have freedom of expression and allow others the same. Nairobi, Kenya The cultu re of Nairobian workers deems work second to home. These employees are generally very friendly, and helpful towards one another. They understand one another’s problems and try to extend their help if possible. At a certain point in time, if a Nairobian worker has an issue at home and another at the office of equal importance, the worker would first attend the issue at home and then at the office. â€Å"It is considered a perfectly acceptable reason to show up late for an assignment and for deadlines to be missed just so workers can keep their personal affairs in good order† (â€Å"Cultural Information – Kenya†). Nairobian employers motivate the workers by providing them with relaxed work schedules (Kumba). Nairobian employees expect employers to provide them with flexible work schedules and they care about their families a lot. The goal of Nairobian workers is to earn sufficient for their families. They assume that their employers understand their feeling s towards their families. This has a slightly negative effect on their work as they tend to arrive late at work or leave for home before the break off time. They may not be there at the workplace in the time of urgency. Paris, France The employees in Paris are culturally diverse, but not quite as much as the ones in New York. They communicate with one another mostly in French and occasionally in English. French business culture emphasizes upon formality, respect, mutual trust, and courtesy. In order to be motivated for work, French employees need to be respected. â€Å"Respect of colleagues and bosses motivates workers in France† (Woodward and Shandwick). These employees care about personal image and reputation, and are able to deliver their best in an emotionally satiating and psychologically fulfilling work environment. The French employees have the goal to excel in their profession while keeping their image high. They are influenced by charismatic managers and coworkers wh o are not only well-dressed but also well-behaved. They are motivated to work hard provided that they get the right conditions, though not many are of the view that their employers are cooperative. â€Å"While 82 per cent of employees in France say that they are motivated to ‘go the extra mile’ (in other words ‘engaged’), less than two thirds (53 per cent) feel they are enabled by

Human papilloma virus (HPV) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Human papilloma virus (HPV) - Essay Example High-risk HPV 16 and 18 are most commonly associated with cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, oropharyngeal cancer and anal cancers.3 In females, cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer worldwide, and the third most common cause of mortality from cancer.2 Additionally, 80% of cases occur in developing countries.3 Although low-risk HPVs (such as type 6 and 11) are not cancerous, they can still cause benign or minimal abnormalities of cervical cells, such as skin  warts  on or around the genitals or anus, and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP).3 These figures are a global public health concern. This report addresses why HPV is a public health problem in developed countries and evaluates the policies and strategies taken to deal with HPV infection. HPV is an entirely mucosal infection and does not include a bloodstream phase. While HPV is sexually transmitted, penetrative sexual intercourse is not necessary for transmission to occur. Many researches indicate unprotected genital contact is a well-documented mode of infection, including genital–genital, oral–genital and manual–genital contact.4-6 For both genders, the infection rate is increased soon after becoming sexually active. Indeed, half of sexually active men and women are infected with several HPV types at any point in their lives, and some may be repeatedly infected. In 2011, Hariri et al. (2011) conducted a nationwide population-based study in the US to investigate the prevalence of both high/low-risk HPV in 14–59 year old females during 2003–2006.7 They found the overall prevalence of high- and low-risk HPV was 43% among 14-59 year old women. They also found those aged 20-24 years are more likely to be affected by high-risk HPV, and the risk decreases with age. Recent figures show almost 7% of adults are infected by oral HPV during their lifetime.8,9 Gillison et al. (2012) conducted a cross-sectional study in

International Trade Theories Essay Example for Free

International Trade Theories Essay 1. Theory of Mercantilism Introduction: Mercantilism is a trade theory holing that a country’s wealth is measured by its holdings of â€Å"treasure† which usually means its gold. The mercantilists proposed theory of mercantilism. They were a group of economists who preceded Adam Smith. The foundations of economic thought between 1500 and 1800 were based on mercantilism. Mercantilists believed that the world had a finite store of wealth; therefore, when one country got more, other countries had less. Mercantilists restricted imports and encouraged or subsidized exports as a conscious policy to make their citizens better off. Mercantilists judged the success of trade by the size of the trade balance. Mercantilism was a sixteenth-century economic philosophy that maintained that a country’s wealth was measured by its holdings of gold and silver. This required that the countries to maximize exports and minimize imports. The logic was transparent to sixteenth-century policy makers that if foreigners bought more goods from us than we bought from them, then the foreigners had to pay us the difference in gold and silver, enabling us to amass more treasure. With that treasure we could expand the nation’s global influence. Mercantilists pressed for favorable balance of trade (BOT) or balance of payments (BOP) as against the unfavorable one. In a way it is good because your currency appreciates with mounting surplus on the Fore front, and the country can attract more foreign capital infusion further strengthening the country’s economy, infrastructure, etc. Now China and Japan with enormous favorable BOT and BOP get all the benefits envisaged by mercantilists. According To Adam Smith- -Mercantilism is an economic theory popular in the 1500s and was the biggest reason for Europe’s desire to colonize new lands the theory states that there is a certain amount of wealth in the world and it is in a nations best interest to accumulate it through wealth, a nation can achieve power a country achieves wealth through producing and exporting more good then they import this theory was invented to serve the interest of the empire, not the colony Evaluation of Mercantilism Theory: Mercantilist writers have been lauded and criticized in the literature on foreign trade at least since Hume’s Political Discourses in 1752. Mercantilists have been criticized for everything from their views regarding the gains from trade to their self-promotion of the merchant’s role in society as being important. Mercantilist writers assumed that the economy will generally operate at a pace that leaves resources –land and labor – idle, but in reality the economy naturally tends to full employment. This is a â€Å"flaw† in the logical foundation of mercantilist thought. The regime of WTO has moved the world away from mercantilism by pressing for free trade with reduced protectionism. Theory of Neo-Mercantilism: Mercantilism is still in vogue. Mercantilist policies are politically attractive to some firms and their workers, as mercantilism benefits certain members of society. Modern supporters of these policies are known as neo-mercantilists, or protectionists. The neo-mercantilists want higher production through full employment and that every industry produces an exportable surplus leading to favorable BOT. Consciously or otherwise, every country is concerned about increasing export earnings. The merits of surging Fore surplus built through exports speaks well of a country’s capability to cater to world’s needs qualitatively, quantitatively and in varied product/service ranges. Every country does what is possible to meet this end. But the modern trade emphasis is ‘Export more and Import more’. Finally: The main economic system used during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. The main goal was to increase a nations wealth by imposing government regulation concerning all of the nations commercial interests. It was believed that national strength could be maximized by limiting imports via tariffs and maximizing exports. This approach assumes the wealth of a nation depends primarily on the possession of precious metals such as gold and silver. This type of system cannot be maintained forever, because the global economy would become stagnant if every country wanted to export and no one wanted to import. After a period of time, many people began to revolt against the idea of mercantilism and stressed the need for free trade. Mercantilism is a theory developed by the merchants; hence the name. It rests on the role of a strong state in supporting (state-granted) monopolies and protecting shipping and trading lanes. Mercantilism encourages exports and discourages imports. Gold and silver are used to keep score of the game played between nation-states, and represent the wealth of the nation. _______________________________________________________________ 2. Absolute Advantage theory Introduction: Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, postulated that under free trade, each nation should specialize in producing those goods that it could produce most efficiently. Some of these would be exported to pay for the imports of goods that could be produced more efficiently elsewhere. Smith ridiculed the fear of trade comparing nations to households. Since every household finds it worthwhile to produce only some of its needs and to buy others with products it can seal, the same should apply to nations: It is the maxim of every prudent master of a family, never to attempt to make at home what it will cost him more to make than to buy. The Taylor does not attempt to make his own shoes, but buys them from shoemaker What is prudence in the conduct of every private family, can scarce be folly in that of a great kingdom. If a foreign country can supply us with some part of the product of our own industry, employed in a way in which we have some advantage. The theory of absolute advantage is based on the assumption that the nation is absolutely better (i.e., more efficient) at production of certain goods than are its trading partners. Smith showed by his example of absolute advantage that both nations would gain from trade. ADAM SMITHS TRADE THEORY OF ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE: The first classical theory of international trade was propounded by Adam Smith, the founder of classical economics. His theory is known as the Theory of Absolute Advantage. It may be possible for all the countries to produce all the commodities they need, in spite of resource constraint. But, the cost of production of goods for which a country is deficient in its resources would be exorbitantly high. It is better to import such goods rather than produce them. Most Countries therefore tend to specialize in producing commodities in which they have absolute advantage in cost of production. Therefore, most countries export goods which they can produce at a lower cost and import what they can produce at a higher cost. This common sense logic of international division of labor suggested by Adam Smith marks the beginning of modern theories of foreign trade. The theory of absolute advantage states that the basis of trade between the nations is the absolute advantage a country has in producing a commodity over the other countries. In simple words, two countries are able to trade between them because each one of them is able to produce at least one commodity at a comparatively lower cost. Assumptions: The theory of absolute advantage was advanced to buttress Smiths argument that if there was no government involvement in trade, and if each individual was left to do what in his or her own best interest, then there would be more goods and services available, prices would be reduced, and the wealth of each nation, measured as the welfare of the citizens, would increase. Smiths theory was offered to replace mercantilism. The Theory of Absolute Advantage and the Theory of Comparative Advantage rest on very strong assumptions, as follows: Two countries, two commodities assumed in both theories. The theories are obvious for this case. The three-by-three case (and those beyond) cannot be established analytically, and it is not even clear how the principle should be formalized. (See p. 3 of Ronald Jones, The Positive Theory of International Trade, Handbook of International Economics, R. Jones and P. Kenen (eds.), 1984.) Efficiency objective The Absolute and Comparative Advantage theories assume that total world production, and therefore efficiency, is the objective. Efficiency is not always a country goal. Zero Transportation Costs both theories presume that transportation costs between and within countries are zero. Factor Mobility/Immobility both theories presume that resources are absolutely mobile within a country and absolutely immobile between countries. Full employment Both theories assume full employment in each country. Comparative Advantage versus Absolute Advantage: As we can see from the example above, a country can have a comparative advantage in producing a good even if it is absolutely less efficient at producing that good. To understand this more clearly, think of an example of a doctor in private practice: A young doctor opens her own practice, working by herself, and within a few months has developed a substantial clientele. At first, she was performing all her clerical work—filing, typing and answering the phone—by herself. With an ever-busier schedule, however, she realizes that she could spend more time seeing patients, and thus see a greater number of patients, if she hired an assistant. As it turns out, the young professional is not only a brilliant doctor, but is also lightning-fast at typing and filing. She is, in fact, better at doing both jobs than the clerical assistant she hires. In other words, she has an absolute advantage at both tasks: medical diagnosis and clerical work. Does it make sense then for the doctor and her assistant to share both tasks, each spending part of the day diagnosing patients and doing clerical work? The answer is no. By having the assistant perform all the clerical work, the doctor is able to maximize her specialization and see more patients. The patients are undoubtedly better off too. In other words, even though the assistant is worse at performing both tasks, an economist would say that he nonetheless has a comparative advantage at clerical work. As you can see, by working together – trading their services – the doctor and the assistant are able to maximize their skills, making both better off. As these examples show, trade allows countries to specialize in the production of what they do best and make the most efficient use of their resources, thereby decreasing the price of both goods. No matter how inefficiently a country produces every kind of good, it can always be said to have a comparative advantage in at least one of those goods. That is the theory of comparative and absolute advantage. It helps explain what happens in the real world of international trade, and it offers broad guidance to countries as they decide which goods and services to produce and subsequently export, and which, in turn, to import. Trade in Theory and Practice: In reality, of course, trade specialization does not work precisely the way the theory of comparative advantage might suggest, for a number of reasons: No country specializes exclusively in the production and export of a single product or service. All countries produce at least some goods and services that other countries can produce more efficiently. A lower income country might, in theory, be able to produce a particular product more efficiently than the United States can but still not be able to identify American buyers or transport the item cheaply to the United States. As a result, U.S. firms continue to manufacture the product. Finally: The Scottish economist Adam Smith developed the trade theory of absolute advantage in 1776. A country that has an absolute advantage produces greater output of a good or service than other countries using the same amount of resources. Smith stated that tariffs and quotas should not restrict international trade; it should be allowed to flow according to market forces. Contrary to mercantilism Smith argued that a country should concentrate on production of goods in which it holds an absolute advantage. No country would then need to produce all the goods it consumed. The theory of absolute advantage destroys the mercantilist idea that international trade is a zero-sum game. 3. Comparative Advantage theory Introduction: David Ricardo, in 1817, enunciated his refinement of Smiths concept by postulating the principle of comparative advantage (as opposed to Smiths concept of absolute advantage). The theory of comparative advantage states that even if a country is able to produce all its good at lower costs than another country can, trade still benefits both countries, based on comparative costs. His writings demonstrated what has become known as: the principle of comparative advantage: a nation, like a person, gains from the trade by exporting the goods or services in which it has its greatest comparative advantage in productivity and importing those in which it has the least comparative advantage. The key word is comparative, meaning relative and not necessarily absolute. There are gains from trade whenever the relative price ratios of two goods differ under international exchange for what would be under conditions of no trade. In addition, the theory of comparative advantage demonstrates that countries jointly benefit from trade (under the assumption of both goods). With the theory of absolute advantage, Ricardos theory of comparative advantage does not answer why production cost differ within each country and also no consideration is given to the possibility of producing the same goods with different combinations of factors. Assumption: A situation in which a country, individual, company or region can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than a competitor. This theory that global efficiency gains may still result from trade if a country specializes in those products it can produce more efficiently than other products-regardless of whether other countries can produce those same products even more efficiently. It denotes gains from trade will occur even in a country that has absolute advantage in all products because the country must give up less efficient output to produce more efficient output. Assumptions underlying the concept of comparative advantage Perfect occupational mobility of factors of production resources used in one industry can be switched into another without any loss of efficiency Constant returns to scale (i.e. doubling the inputs in each country leads to a doubling of total output) No externalities arising from production and/or consumption Transportation costs are ignored comparative advantage and international trade: Comparative advantage exists when a country has a margin of superiority in the production of a good or service i.e. where the opportunity cost of production is lower. The basic theory of comparative advantage was developed by David Ricardo Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage was further developed by Heckscher, Ohlin and Samuelson who argued that countries have different factor endowments of labor, land and capital inputs. Countries will specialize in and export those products which use intensively the factors of production which they are most endowed. If each country specializes in those goods and services where they have an advantage, then total output and economic welfare can be increased (under certain assumptions). This is true even if one nation has an absolute advantage over another country. Worked example of comparative advantage consider the data in the following table: | Pre-Specialization | CD Players | Personal Computers | | UK | 2,000 | 500 | | Japan | 4,000 | 2,000 | | Total Output | 6,000 | 2,500 | After trade has taken place, total output of goods available to consumers in both countries has grown. UKs consumption of CD players has increased by 200 and they have an extra 100 PCs. For Japan, they have an extra 200 CD players and 200 PCs. If businesses exploit increasing returns to scale (i.e. economies of scale) when they specialize, the potential gains from trade are much greater. The idea that specialization should lead to increasing returns is associated with economists such as Paul Romer and Paul Ormerod Determinants regarding comparative advantage: Comparative advantage is a dynamic concept. It can and does change over time. Some businesses find they have enjoyed a comparative advantage in one product for several years only to face increasing competition as rival producers from other countries enter their markets. For a country, the following factors are important in determining the relative costs of production: The quantity and quality of factors of production available (e.g. the size and efficiency of the available labor force and the productivity of the existing stock of capital inputs). If an economy can improve the quality of its labor force and increase the stock of capital available it can expand the productive potential in industries in which it has an advantage. Investment in research development (important in industries where patents give some firms significant market advantage) for more information on this have a look at this page Movements in the exchange rate. An appreciation of the exchange rate can cause exports from a country to increase in price. This makes them less competitive in international markets. Long-term rates of inflation compared to other countries. For example if average inflation in Country X is 4% whilst in Country B it is 8% over a number of years, the goods and services produced by Country X will become relatively more expensive over time. This worsens their competitiveness and causes a switch in comparative advantage. Import controls such as tariffs and quotas that can be used to create an artificial comparative advantage for a countrys domestic producers- although most countries agree to abide by international trade agreements. Non-price competitiveness of producers (e.g. product design, reliability, quality of after-sales support) Criticisms: However, the principle of comparative advantage can be criticized in a several ways: †¢ It may overstate the benefits of specialization by ignoring a number of costs. These costs include transport costs and any external costs associated with trade, such as air and sea pollution. †¢ The theory also assumes perfect mobility of factors without any diminishing returns. The reality may be very different. Output from factor inputs is likely to be subject to diminishing returns. This will make the PPF for each country non-linear and bowed outwards. †¢ Complete specialization might create structural unemployment as some workers cannot transfer from one sector to another. †¢ Relative prices and exchange rates are not taken into account in the simple theory of comparative advantage. For example if the price of X rises relative to Y, the benefit of increasing output of X increases. †¢ Comparative advantage is not a static concept it may change over time. For example, nonrenewable resources can slowly run out, increasing the costs of production, and reducing the gains from trade. †¢ Many countries strive for food security, meaning that even if they should specialise in non-food products, they still prefer to keep a minimum level of food production. †¢ Finally, the principle of comparative advantage is derived from a simple two good/two country model. The real world is far more complex, with countries exporting and importing many different goods and services. Finally: It seems obvious that if one country is better at producing one good and another country is better at producing a different good (assuming both countries demand both goods) that they should trade. What happens if one country is better at producing both goods? Should the two countries still trade? This question brings into play the theory of comparative advantage and opportunity costs. The everyday choices that we make are, without exception, made at the expense of pursuing one or several other choices. When you decide what to wear, what to eat for dinner, or what to do on Saturday night, you are making a choice that denies you the opportunity to explore other options. ______________________________________________________________ 4. Heckscher-Ohlin theory Introduction: the Heckscher–Ohlin theorem is one of the four critical theorems of the Heckscher–Ohlin model. It states that a country will export goods that use its abundant factors intensively, and import goods that use its scarce factors intensively. In the two-factor case, it states: A capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good, while the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good. Definition: This theory said that differences in countries’ endowment of labor compared to their endowment of land or capital explain differences in the cost of production factors. Assumption: The critical assumption of the Heckscher–Ohlin model is that the two countries are identical, except for the difference in resource endowments. This also implies that the aggregate preferences are the same. The relative abundance in capital will cause the capital-abundant country to produce the capital-intensive good cheaper than the labor-abundant country and vice versa. Initially, when the countries are not trading: the price of capital-intensive good in capital-abundant country will be bid down relative to the price of the good in the other country, the price of labor-intensive good in labor-abundant country will be bid down relative to the price of the good in the other country.Once trade is allowed, profit-seeking firms will move their products to the markets that have (temporary) higher price. As a result: the capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good, the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good. Features of the model: †¢ Relative endowments of the factors of production (land, labor, and capital) determine a countrys comparative advantage. Countries have comparative advantages in those goods for which the required factors of production are relatively abundant locally. This is because the profitability of goods is determined by input costs. Goods that require inputs that are locally abundant will be cheaper to produce than those goods that require inputs that are locally scarce. †¢ For example, a country where capital and land are abundant but labor is scarce will have comparative advantage in goods that require lots of capital and land, but little labor — grains. If capital and land are abundant, their prices will be low. As they are the main factors used in the production of grain, the price of grain will also be low—and thus attractive for both local consumption and export. Labor intensive goods on the other hand will be very expensive to produce since labor is scarce and its price is high. Therefore, the country is better off importing those goods. Factor Proportions Theory: Trade theory, like all of economic theory, changed drastically in the first half of the twentieth century. The factor proportions theory developed by the Swedish economist Eli Heckscher and later expanded by his former graduate student Bertil Ohlin formed the major theory of international trade that is widely is still widely accepted today. Whereas Smith and Ricardo emphasized a labor theory of value the factor proportions theory was based on a more modern concept of production that raised capital to the same level of importance as labor. Factor Intensity in Production: The factor intensity in production theory considered two factor of production, labor and capital. Technology determines the way they combine to form a product. Different products required different proportions of the two factors of production. It is easy to see how the factor proportions of how a product is produced differs substantially among groups of products. For the manufacturing of leather footwear is still a relatively labor intensive process even with the most sophisticated leather treatment and patterning machinery. Other products such as computer memory chips, however although requiring some highly skilled labor require massive quantities of capital for production and development and the manufacturing facilities needed for clean production to ensure the extremely high quality demanded in the industry. The concept of factor proportions is very useful in the comparison of the production processes of goods. According to factor proportions theory, factor intensities depend on the state of technology and the current method of manufacturing a product. The theory assumed that the same technology of production would be used for the same goods in all countries. It is not therefore differences in the efficiency of production that will determine trade between countries at it did in classical theory. Classical theory implicitly assumed that technology or the productivity of labor is different across countries. Otherwise there would be no logical explanation as to why one country requires more units of labor to produce a unit of output than another country. Factor proportions theory assumed no such productivity differences. Factor Endowments, Factor Prices, And Comparative Advantage: If there is no difference in technology or productivity of factors across countries, what then determines comparative advantage in production and export? The answer is that factor prices determine cost differences. And these prices are determined by the endowments of labor and capital the country possesses. The theory assumes that labor and capital are immobile, meaning they cannot move across country borders. Therefore the countrys endowment determines the relative costs of labor and capital as compared to other countries. Each country is defined or measured by the amount of labor and capital that it possesses. If a country has when compared with other countries more labor and less capital it would be characterized as relatively labor abundant. That which is more plentiful is cheaper; so a labor abundant country would therefore have relatively cheap labor. For a country such as China possesses a relatively large endowment of labor and a relatively smaller endowment of capital. At the same time Japan is a relatively capital abundant country with a relatively smaller endowment of labor. China possesses relatively cheaper labor and should therefore specialize in the production and export of labor intensive products. Japan possesses relatively cheap capital and should specialize in the production and export of capital intensive products. Comparative advantage is derived not from the productivity of a country, but from the relative abundance of its factors of production. Using these assumptions, factor proportions theory stated that a country should specialize in the production and export of those product that use intensively its relatively abundant factor. (i) A country that is relatively labor abundant should specialize in the production of relatively labor intensive goods. It should then export these labor intensive goods in exchange for capital intensive goods. (ii) A country that is relatively capital abundant should specialized in the production of relatively capital intensive goods. It should then export these capital intensive goods in exchange for labor intensive goods. Finally: The Heckscher-Ohlin theory states that international and interregional differences in production costs occur because of differences in the supply of production factors: Commodities requiring for their production much of [abundant factors of production] and little of [scarce factors] are exported in exchange for goods that call for factors in the opposite proportions. Thus indirectly, factors in abundant supply are exported and factors in scanty supply are imported (Ohlin, 1933).These simple statements lead to an important conclusion: under free trade, countries export the products that use their scarce factors intensively and imports the products using their scarce factors intensively.